Jorge Gonçalves (p), Beatriz Condessa , Margarida Santos

The peripheries of Lisbon, Portugal, were created at an accelerated speed from the fifties of the last century, in a "pull and push" mode, that is, as a necessity and an imperative. An imperative because of the hundreds of thousands of ill-housed families who came to the city to escape the poverty of the countryside and responding to the appeal of a capital in affirmation. It was also a necessity for the Portuguese state, impotent at that time in resources and organization. This gave rise to the creation of this suburb made up of very unequal housing and infrastructures designed to house the largest number at the lowest cost.
The urban growth occurred by spreading existing spaces, by leapfrogging taking advantage of the best opportunities and, more recently, by filling interstitial voids. It was also due to legal, informal and illegal urban planning processes, often carried out by a coalition of interests not always clear. The final result was an unusual, complex and little articulated urban form, conditioning the present and future metropolitan, aggravated by the existence of an extensive estuary that segments the metropolitan area of Lisbon.
These dynamics, and even many of the principles and values underlying it, suburbanization as a phenomenon and suburbanism as a form of social appropriation, were not only losing meaning but contradicted the new widely agreed goals in the New Urban Agenda (UN- Habitat, 2016). The challenges that are posed to a suburban territory governance in crisis and transition - post-suburban governance - is what we intend to discuss and illustrate here in Lisbon, using the preliminary results of the MetroGov3C research project and articulating three aspects: Stakeholders, Instruments and Dimensions.

Mauricio Oyarzo (p), Dusan Paredes

Curse resource literature argues that resource windfalls, such as those derived from a price boom commodity, crowding-out several determinants of long-term incomes (Papyrakis & Gerlagh, 2006). While empirical literature tests this theory for inter country contexts, there is not similar attention to explore it for subnational governments. This different spatial scope would reveal how the low-tier governments would strategically behave for covering the local costs according to the resource windfalls. Thus, any strategic behaviour will directly impact the local community well-being especially due to the key role played by subnational governments to provide local public goods. We contribute to this gap analysing how the resource windfalls from mining taxes crowds out the local collected revenues such as the residential property tax and commercial property tax by means of the case of Chile. Using a panel data for 345 Chilean municipalities between 2008 and 2017, we pursue the causal effect derived from Fiscal Lazy Collection hypothesis measured as the cross substitution between an additional monetary unit received from windfalls. We take advantage for exogenous allocation rule for distribution of mining taxes in the mining municipalities via National Mining Code. Our results do not reject the hypothesis, we observe that mining taxes crowds out property tax collection. Tax laziness is maintained after considering potential endogeneity and heteroskedasticity imposed by spatial autocorrelation. The results suggest the need for local policies focused on discouraging strategic behavior in the collection of local taxes in mining municipalities.

Giedre Dzemydaite (p)

Recently, there is a sharply growing interest in regional specialization and its changes from both governmental institutions and academic society. The smart specialization concept was implemented in the EU policy in 2014, stating that NUTS2 regions have to find their path to regional development and to specify areas where to concentrate efforts for promoting innovative activities and higher value added. It is supposed to be a new political approach of regional innovation policy at the EU level. In some European countries national governments decided to adopt similar approaches to regional policy in their inner regions, commonly at NUTS3 level. This paper follows these thoughts and tries to give insights into specialization changes in smaller territorial breakdown than NUTS2. It is questionable if smart specialization approach could foster higher value added and innovativeness in non-capital regions with lower GDP per capita. In this research we analyze the case of Lithuania and results support the idea that non-capital regions with lower GDP per capita specializes in sectors that have lower productivity level, such as agriculture, forestry, wood, garment sewing, etc. Some of these regions are production sites for foreign investors because of lower production costs. Deepening concentration in current sectors probably will not cause significant productivity growth. Because of that new related areas of specialization in higher level of the value chain have to be fostered and developed.

Ebru Kerimoglu (p)

Creativity and economic development have become key features of urban politics and creative industries and creativity-based business models have a great potential in building the new economic landscape. This assumption is promoting a re-view of local development strategies in cities (Rivas, 2011). Policy-making in relation to the creative economy is not confined to a single ministry or government department; rather, but involves a number of different policy fields. Within a forward-looking perspective, the ways to manage cities a multiplicity of involvement across the public sector, the corporate sector, the non-profit sector and civil society for attracting jobs and designing economic activities. This raises questions about the appropriate capacities lies in the ‘local’. A better understanding of the local dynamics needs an improved understanding of local policy-making culture and organizations within cities for sustainable economic growth and a forward-looking vision on urban development reinforcing hubs of creativity and centers of job creation. Understanding the local dynamics is not only a gap in social science knowledge and academic word, but also a political limitation and implementation. The latest trend of cities as an entrepreneurs/hubs of creativity and innovation opens a window of opportunity for many well-positioned small and medium-sized cities (Rivas, 2011; URBACT, 2010). Considering real ground dynamics should be involved in the complete process from policy to implementation for the development of creativity in cities, emphasis will be more desirable in urban development. From this perspective, the main objective of the study is to gain a better understanding of the importance of local policies over the roles of local actors for developing creativity by discussing on small cities, named Ayvalik, Bodrum, Urla with differentiated local dynamics from Turkey. This paper is aiming to make contribution to understand importance of local capacities and awareness and local-based policies in particular small cities both in theoretical and practice. These cases, as an opportunity to enlarge the research across Turkey, to improve knowledge and awareness to all relevant actors is important for giving results, which are expected to lead for future policies of the creative cities, practitioners and policy makers in particular local governments. By aiming to contribute policy debates and practices, this paper will make contribution to social capital and local capacities in literature both in theoretical and practice.