Ekaterina Meltenisova (p)

In this article the competitive electricity markets in Russian Federation were analyzed, the empirical analysis of restructured electricity prices was made. Based on asset-price specifications we model the price process and peculiarities of electricity price on Russian electricity markets. Some findings seems unique for electricity prices on competitive markets: such as "zero prices" and "positive jumps". We also find the most appropriate model for forecasting performance of electricity prices both on Europe and Siberia market.
In Russian Federation there are two competitive regional markets: European and Siberian ones. On European market the nuclear power generation and fossil fuel generation are dominated. It means higher prices and less volatility as it’s easy to forecast the generation of such type. On Siberian market there is the high rate of hydro generation that means the cheaper price and the lower volatility level. Moreover the demand structure also differs: huge manufacturing companies are located in Siberia.
So the goal of the research is to analyze the peculiarities of competitive prices on Russian regional markets.
To achieve the goal we have these objectives:
- To analyze the dynamic of electricity price on day-ahead sector on regional electricity markets (European market and Siberian market) for 2016-2018 yy.
- To find out the seasonal, peak and weekend features, breaks and jumps on Russian electricity markets on regional electricity markets in Russia with modern econometric methods.
- Based on estimations make the conclusions about price dynamic on the regional markets and understand some features of supply and demand.
This research will provide empirical results that will help to understand the features of regional markets (Siberia and Europe), will help to make some recommendation about hedging the risk on the competitive electricity markets.

Oxana Klimanova (p), Evgeny Kobowsky , Olga Illarionova

General planning as a procedure designed to ensure the development of promising areas for the development of agglomerations, including in terms of a comfortable urban environment needs significant methodological updating. We studied green infrastructure of the 15 largest cities of Russia. General features of the ecological framework are analyzed on the base of statistical and remote sensing data, the main problems of its territorial planning are identified and possible mechanisms for their solution are proposed. The key indicators of the structure evaluation of the framework are proposed and calculated, the protection status of its elements is estimated, based on which the cities with unfavorable conditions for its preservation are identified.
In the largest cities, the share of a tree cover from the city square fluctuates from 16 per cent in Volgograd to 61 per cent in Perm. Less than 1 per cent of the area of a tree cover is protected in Omsk, Yekaterinburg and Krasnoyarsk. The mapping models of framework for each of the cities are presented and three typical configurations are identified. The obtained results are compared with various international and domestic regulatory indicators of greening, which leads to the conclusion about the individual features of the structure of the ecological framework of each city.
The current configuration of the ecological framework as a set of undeveloped and unsealed green areas providing ecosystem services is the most important factor that determines the prospects for further development of the country's largest urban agglomerations. The real boundaries of agglomerations and significant differences in the initial physical and geographical conditions have generated a variety of modern urban situations, expressed primarily in the dispersion, dimension and layout of the elements of green infrastructure in big cities, which allows us to distinguish different types of environmental frameworks with different problems of their further development.

Takamune Fujii (p)

As the deepening of globalization, world trade of fishery resources has sharply increased. Because fish stocks are hard to be managed, sharp growth of fishery trade may cause the overexploitation of world fishery resources. For instance, the theoretical model developed by Takarada et al (2009, mimeograph) implies that internationally open access resources may be reduced when they are traded. In this paper, we examine the effect of trade on the exploitation of fish stocks empirically. The empirical framework is based on the model of McWhinnie (2009, J. Env. Econ & Man 57.3) to investigate whether international shared resources are more exploited. Our empirical models are constructed by McWhinnie’s benchmark model and arranged to examine the relationship between exploitation and trade of fish stocks instead of internationally sharing. The empirical results by using micro-level data of fishery trade in EU (6-digit in HS code) and exploitation information by FAO’s “Review of the State of World Marine Fishery Resources”, and Sea Around Us project imply that the fish stocks are tend to more exploited and tend to be reduced when they are traded. These results are consistent with the theoretical consequence by Takarada et al., and suggest that fishery stocks should be more effectively managed to prevent overexploitation.

Catherine Baumont (p), Emmanuel Bougna

In 1989, Newman and Kenworthy established a negative relationship between energy consumption and urban density at the city level. Our paper focuses on this relationship in two ways. First, we analyse it inside the city at the neighbourhood level: our case study is a sample 3782 neighborhoods covering the metropolitan area of Paris (France). Second, our study aims at identify the mechanisms by which urban spatial patterns influence energy consumption in the residential sector: we combine urban form characteristics with microeconomic determinants of residential location choice. More precisely, urban patterns result from households’ location choices which depend on three sets of explanatory factors: the characteristics of the households, the characteristics of the housing and the transportation costs. At the equilibrium, urban densities decrease from the urban center to the peripheral places. In such a context, the empirical strategy has to take into account two special features. The spatial organization of housing and households is not random then the population density is not random too. Moreover, residential densities and energy consumptions both depend on the type of housing (houses or appartments), the size of housing and the age of housing. Then our empirical methodology requires to take spatial dependence into account and to control for housing type effect, housing size effect and housing age. Doing so, we extend the work of Lampin (2013) to control for the energy saving rules. We estimate a spatial error model to assess the impact of population density on residential energy consumption per capita. Our results show a significant and negative effect of the population density on the residential energy consumption once spatial dependence and endogeneity have been controlled for. Our results also show that the impact of density on residential consumption is more driven by the housing type effect (single family house vs apartment) than by the housing size effect, while housing age effect is mixed. Compact cities with more small apartments, old or recently built, are then more energetically efficient than compact cities with larger, middle age apartments.

Swaroop Rao , David Grover (p)

Since 2004, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol has facilitated more than US$ 550 billion of new investment into low and middle income countries, much of which is supporting clean energy infrastructure and related energy projects. An explicit objective of the CDM is to promote ‘sustainable development’. Most definitions of sustainable development describe development that prioritizes equality of opportunity in the development process and/or equity in the distribution of the benefits of development. There is growing concern that these equity objectives are being over-ridden by economic efficiency concerns.
This paper examines distributional issues connected to CDM investment flows using new project- and municipality-level data for Brazil. It examines the distribution of CDM investment, projects, and GHG emission reductions across municipality quintiles in terms of municipality economic prosperity and income inequality. The analysis also explores which characteristics of CDM investment projects associate with localisation in relatively poor municipalities and in relatively unequal municipalities. At least in Brazil, CDM investment is flowing disproportionately to more prosperous municipalities and, to a lesser extent, to more unequal municipalities. CDM projects can create significant employment effects, particularly for certain types of projects widespread among CDM projects in Brazil, like biomass energy projects. The equitable distribution of projects is an issue that needs to be addressed better by the national authorities responsible for approvals of the siting of projects. Ongoing and future climate pact negotiations should give greater attention to intra-country distribution issues with CDM and other similar clean energy investment insofar as it is envisioned to play a role in sustainable development.