Dolores Gutiérrez-Mora , Daniel Oto-Peralías (p)

This paper uses text analysis to measure gender bias in cities through the use of street names. Focusing on the case of Spain, we collect data on more than 12 million street names to analyze gender inequality in urban toponyms. We calculate for each Spanish municipality and for each year from 2001 to 2018 a variable measuring the percentage of streets with male names over the total number of streets with male and female names. This indicator of street gender bias is useful as a cultural measure of gender inequality at the city level, which arguably reflects the attitudes about the role of women in society. Our results reveal a strong gender imbalance in Spanish cities: the percentage of streets named after men over the total named after men and women is higher than 80%. We also observe that there are substantial differences across Spanish regions, and that, concerning new streets, gender bias is much lower, although if we aim to achieve a balanced representation of men and women in cities´ toponyms, more prominence should be given to women in the street naming process. In the final part of the paper (work in progress) we analyze the correlation of our indicator of gender bias in street names with the cultural factor it is supposed to capture, and how political factors affect the dynamics of street naming process from a gender perspective. This research has important policy implications since it helps quantify a phenomenon largely overlooked but with potential consequences given the strong symbolic power attributed to street names.

Emmanuel Auvray (p)

Economic impact studies are one of the most common tools for assessing the economic outcomes of sporting or cultural events for the respective host and surrounding areas. An important challenge is to delimit the geographical area on which it would be relevant to measure the impact. While sometimes "common sense" can identify a relevant perimeter, this is not obvious in all situations. This article proposes a method to objectify the perimeter in question without restricting itself to the administrative boundaries of the host of the event. The 'economic impact' of a major event refers to the total amount of additional expenditure generated within a defined area, as a direct consequence of staging the event. For most events, spending by visitors in the local area is the biggest factor in generating economic impact (spending by locals should not be taken into account because they would have spent their money in the local economic basin in the absence of the event). Thus, it is necessary to identify what is referred to as "local economic basin". It is a geographical entity in which consumers live, work and consume daily. What interests us then is to identify the geographical limits that allows considering that the consumers-workers belong to the local economic basin.
We propose to rely on commuting. For a municipality hosting the sporting or cultural event, the local agents are those who reside and work in the municipality and those who work in the municipality without residing there (under certain conditions). We use professional mobility flows (commuting), from two algorithms that we develop for this work, to identify the "local economic basins", that is the relevant geographical perimeters on which it will be possible to conduct the impact studies.

Eduardo Haddad, Patricio Aroca, Pilar Jano, Ademir Rocha, Bruno Pimenta (p)

It is a well-known fact that viticulture is inextricably related to climatic conditions. Climate is a factor that influences both the suitability of a region to ripen a specific variety of grapes and the resulting wine style. While longer term changes in climate have the potential to shifting patterns of agricultural land use in wine grape-producing regions, also affecting wine quality, short-term climate conditions may affect crop yields and vintage quality and, as a consequence, wine prices and vineyards’ earnings. In this paper, we use an absorption matrix published by the Chilean Central Bank as the basis to calibrate a CGE model, together with a set of elasticities borrowed from the econometric literature applied for Chile. This database represents the economy under study and allows capturing economy-wide effects through an intricate plot of input-output relations. The Chilean version of the ORANI-G model identifies 111 sectors and 179 goods and services, one service used as margin (trade services), indirect, value added and production taxes, and five user groups (producers, investors, household, foreign sector and government). The wine sector is fully integrated in the model. We calibrate the shocks using information for the 2015-2016 harvest, which is considered to be associated with a bad year for the wine industry in Chile, since premature rains occurred in important wine regions, such as Colchagua, Maipo and Casablanca, reducing the area harvested, and also leading to wines with less concentrated flavors, particularly for reds. We model the climate shock as a technical change in the grape-producing sector (quantity effect). Moreover, we model quality effects as a shift in the foreign demand curve for Chilean wine. Given the specific economic environment in the model and the proposed simulation, it is possible to note the reduction of Chilean real GDP by about 0.067%. By decomposing this result, we verify that the quality effect has a slightly greater weight compared to the quantity effect.

Dani Broitman (p), Mashor Housh , Naama Shapira

The characteristics of decision-makers are generally not included in models of environmental-economic conflicts. These models can be classified in two classes according to their goal: Multi Objective models include several conflicting objective functions that should be optimized simultaneously, and Game Theory models that result in a single solution analyzing the interactions among the players. Despite their applicability and usefulness these models have several limitations. The most severe is that, generally, the decision-maker is absent from both classes of models. We suggest an operational model for environmental-economic conflict resolution from the point of view of the decision-makers which addresses these concerns. The first step is building the Pareto frontier. Then the focus moves to the decision-maker characteristics: The appropriate game theoretic tool used to solve the conflict is chosen according to those characteristics. The result of this tailor-made game is a single Pareto optimal response which reflects both the decision-maker characteristics, the real-word relations of power between her and the players and among the players themselves. Introducing explicitly the decision-maker preferences in the model, results in more efficient solutions, and allow for a clear explanation about why the chosen solution is better than any other one, subject to the initial decision-maker characterization.