Marie Ferru (p), Bastien Bernela , Alain Rallet

Torre & Rallet (2005) interestingly questioned the confusion often made in the geography of innovation literature between spatial agglomeration and spatial proximity: co-location is not always explained by a need for proximity and proximity does not always result from co-located actors. More precisely, authors demonstrated a disjunction between the need for face-to-face interactions (i.e. spatial proximity) and co-location since 1) organised proximity allows remote coordination and 2) actors ubiquity capacity allows them to develop temporary geographical proximity. In this article, space is the key issue to explain coordination between actors. The relationship was also mainly studied in a static way as the proximity group’ studies did during this period.
Space was at the heart of the initial questioning since time taken to move and coordinate seemed crucial (temporary proximity). Today, the issue is much more related to the ability of actors to coordinate in real time. Time is nowadays major in actors behaviour and space has to adapt to it (see for instance commercial infrastructures physically "reinstalled" to respond to new consumer (cf. Rallet and Aguilera, 2018) or work behaviour (co-working spaces).
We propose to follow up Rallet &Torre (2005) consideration and advance the geography of innovation by no longer putting the space variable at the heart of the questioning but the time variable. The temporal equivalent to the proximity-location relationship leads us to deal with the proximity-mobility relationship. Introducing the mobility issue is a way to introduce the indispensable temporal perspective in the proximity approaches, a perspective that has been sought in recent years but which has remained limited until now. Indeed, the mobility’ analysis makes it possible to consider the "deformations" of proximities as actors move, have occasional encounters...
This new articulation (ie. proximity-mobility) makes possible to raise crucial issues related to the coordination of actors in space. Initially Torre & Rallet (2005) focused on the location-proximity relationship by questioning the sequence according to which 1) it is necessary to be co-located 2) to interact face-to-face 3) thus leading to the spatial agglomeration of the actors. The relationship between mobility and proximity would rather question a new sequence: 1) the actors are multi-localized and 2) coordinate each other at different scales simultaneously through synchronization in real or delayed time 3) leading to a coupling between physical concentration and decentralization (eg. warehouses and rallying points/distribution or the Facebook model and its global platform of small communities).

João De Abreu E Silva (p), Patricia Melo

Home-based telework (or telecommuting) has been consistently growing and it is considered by several policymakers as an attractive travel demand management strategy. Therefore it has been the subject of a substantial amount of literature. Contrary to the expectancy of policy makers, the more recent empirical evidence suggests that the potential of telework to reduce total vehicle travel is at best weak. This results in a great part from the effects on non-work related trips, travel mode choice, and household residential location, all of which can diminish the scope for a net reduction in travel. Home telework has implications not only for the travel behaviour of the teleworker, but also for the other household members, in particular the teleworker’s partner. One possible intra-household effect of home telework is that it can encourage residential relocation closer to the workplace of the non-teleworker household member, reducing his/her commute and possibly also the household total commute. There can also be effects resulting from changes in the allocation and sharing of activities and the associated travel between household members (e.g. escorting children to school, shopping). It is not obvious a priori whether the overall net effect of home teleworking on other (non-teleworking) household members should be positive or negative, and other factors, e.g. land use characteristics, may play a role here.
This work develops a path analysis model for two-worker households in Great Britain using data from the National Travel Survey for the period between 2005 and 2012. It investigates the presence of intra-household effects of home-based telework on the number of weekly trips and miles travelled by transport mode of teleworkers and their partners by implementing a path analysis model with instrumental variables, to account for endogenous relationships in the chain of decisions relating residence and work location land use characteristics, car ownership, home telework and travel patterns. Preliminary results suggest there are potential intra-household interactions in the context of two-worker households engaging in home-based telework and that
home telework appears to be relatively neutral in terms of its impact on car travel, suggesting that telework might be ineffective at reducing total miles travelled.

Mathilde Aubry (p), Patricia Renou-Maissant , Mamadou Sanoussy Sow

The digital transformation represents a new stage of the profound economic and social reorganization engaged under the effect of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). France is necessarily concerned by this "digital revolution" which, today, forces organizations and states to rethink their economic, social and societal models. Its territories have to face major organizational and social challenges, related to the intrusion of digital technology into society and into the life of companies. Indeed, the digitalization of a territory is strongly connected to its economic performances, its innovation dynamics and even its economic structure.
The aim of this research is to present a state of play of digital transformation in Metropolitan France over the period 2000-2014. Multidimensional data analysis methods are employed in order to develop temporal and spatial typologies of the digital transformation.
Our work is organized in three stages. First, we consider the dynamics of the digital transformation in Metropolitan France relying on several comparable variables across regions, namely: share of ICT employment in total employment, growth rate of ICT employment, share of business start-ups in ICT as pourcentage of total start-ups, share of business failures in ICT as pourcentage of total failures, share of value added in the ICT sector in total value added, growth rate of ICT value added. These variables represent components of the digital transformation. Preliminary results show evidence of a gradual transformation over three sub-periods: 2000-2002; 2003-2008; 2009-2014. Second, we establish a typology of the twenty-one former French regions with regard to the components of the digital transformation, focusing on the regions trajectories over the period 2000-2014. Thanks to this typology, several profiles of digital transformation are proposed. Third, the typology is enriched and consolidated thanks to a set of illustrative variables related to four main themes: economic performance, demography research and innovation, entrepreneurship, we use annual data extracted from INSEE and Eurostat databases.
This research enriches the current literature in regional science allowing to better describe and understand the mechanisms of the digital transformation. Besides, our results make it possible to compare the progress of digitalization across French regions and to explain regional differences. Finally, in light of these results, we are able to identify and analyze the inhibiting and catalyzing factors involved in the digital transformation.