Christine Léger-bosch (p)

In France, farms do not own all their land and largely lease them (61,7% in 2010, Courleux, 2011). Even if that situation is extreme in Europe (situation shared with Germany and Belgium), the rate of leased Utilized Agricultural Area (UAA) under the total UAA does not fall under 30% in this world region (Eurostat, 2013). Consequently, "who owns farmland ?" is a crucial question because: 1) a great part of farming is done under lease arrangements; 2) answering it might shed light on a lot of current issues for rural development (farmers retirement, farms enlargement, urban development, land grabbing...). There is a lack of knowledge in literature on this topic, probably due to the scarcity of available data. In France for example, the General Agricole Census which is made each decade, not allows to understand how is compounded property, how rights are distributed among owners, who are they, and how the different ownership types meet the different types of farms, agricultural productions, farming systems... Our proposition rests upon the principle of intersecting individual and spatialized data about owners (land taxation data) and about users (Common Agricultural Policy). That first test aims at overcoming technical GIS constraints and those related to data protection laws, at delimiting the limits of the method, and at establishing the analysis potential within the given constraints. We then apply the method on the Auvergne Region to illustrate the diagnosis elements it provides on the farmland property-use relationship.

Mikaël Akimowicz (p), Sherine Salmon , William Ashton

In order to mitigate a declining natural demographic growth that could fall below around 2030, Canada relies on a consequent immigration policy. However, once in Canada newcomers strive to settle. In particular, they have difficulties to find their place on the job market. Research has long focused on discrimination towards newcomers during the hiring process, on newcomers’ job market accessibility especially in regards to skills, and on employees’ motivations at work. In this presentation, we switch lens and look at the employer’s side, which has been little investigated. In particular, we look at rural employers’ motivations to hire newcomers.
In this first attempt to fill a gap in the literature, we used the Self-determination theory to design an on-line survey aiming to highlight small and medium business owners’ motivations to hire newcomers. The on-line survey was directed towards rural employers all over the Canadian Prairie Provinces (i.e., Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta). A first section collected data about employers’ perspectives on business financial impacts, newcomers’ skills, newcomers’ behavior, and community development. A second section collected information about hiring and retention strategies to crosscheck the previous result. A third section gathered some businesses and employers’ characteristics.
Although, newcomers’ behaviors and community development factors fostered intrinsic motivators, results contradicted our working hypotheses that business financial impacts and newcomers’ skills would nurture more extrinsic motivators. Further analyses suggested that employers are driven by the alignment of their values (integrated motivators) with the valuation of their self-worth (introjected motivators) through the mediation of employers’ understanding of newcomers’ struggle (identified motivators). These results tend to align with the claims of the Means-Ends Fusion theory that any activity can be intrinsically and extrinsically motivated based on its similarity with the pursued goals. Consequently, these results tend to support Locke and Schattke’s (2018) call for a better integration of the several theories that are used to study motivations based on the observation that they are not concurrent but complementary.

Alexandre Almeida (p), Boris Bravo-Ureta

The main goal of this paper is to examine the well-known inverse relationship hypothesis (IR-H) between farm size and productivity in Nicaragua using non-parametric methods designed specifically for panel data. The data employed are from the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), a nationwide household survey carried out by the Nicaraguan Statistical Service and the World Bank for the years 1998, 2001, and 2005. An unbalanced panel made up of 3,088 observations is used. The main results suggest that: 1) there exists a systematic inverse relationship between farm size and productivity; and 2) the IR strengthens when unobserved heterogeneity across farm households is taken into account. Both findings are observed from the parametric results but is weakened from the non-parametric estimations. However, using other indicators of farm productivity such as family labor used per hectare farmed, both parametric and non-parametric results, we found a robust evidence that corroborates the IR hypothesis for Nicaragua.

Michelle Martins , Carlos Bacha (p)

This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of both sanitary-phytosanitary (SPS) and technical (TBT) regulations on Brazil´s beef exports. It seeks to identify whether these regulations show a protectionist or standardization effect on the foreign markets for bovine meat. A gravity model was run where Brazil´s beef exports are explained by variables measuring countries´ GDP and livestock production, their distances and their SPS and TBT regulations. The first two explanatories variables are second nature and the third one is first nature variable according to the New Economic Geography and they played important role in explaining Brazil´s meet exports. Also, the non-tariff measures have acted in a way to increase exports. Then, SPS and TBT regulations have not acted as barriers to exports, more than this, SPS and TBT regulations have help to standardize Brazil´s beef exports in a way that foreign market desire them.