Evanthia Michalaki (p), Vasiliki Delitheou

Francois Hermet

Energy poverty is emerging as a complex socioeconomic phenomenon, affecting millions of households worldwide. It describes the situation in which a household is unable to access basic energy services such as heating, cooling, cooking, lighting, and the use of household appliances.
This paper analyzes descriptively and quantitatively, using the Low Absolute Energy Expenditure (M/2) indicator, the High Share of Income in Energy Expenditure (2M) indicator, the Inability to keep home adequately warm (IKHW) indicator, the Arrears on utility bills (AUB) indicator, and the Presence of leak, damp, rot in the dwelling indicator, the phenomenon of energy poverty in the Greek regions.
It also examines the main policies that have been developed and implemented to combat it. The objectives of the paper include investigating the factors that contribute to the emergence of energy poverty in the Greek regions, identifying the strategies and policies that are implemented to address it, and formulating solutions to reduce it.
The contribution of the article lies in the analysis of existing policies and programs implemented at the regional level, such as subsidies for home energy upgrades and heating allowances. The applied method includes the study of national and EU policies to reduce energy poverty, as well as the evaluation of data from subsidy programs and home energy upgrade programs. The data used comes mainly from the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Hellenic Statistical Authority, such as the anonymized microdata of the Survey of Income and Living Conditions of Households (SILC) in the regions of Greece.

Francois Hermet (p)

Tatiane Menezes

As the 101st French department since 2011, and the 9th Outermost Region of the European Union since 2014, Mayotte continues to experience significant structural economic and social delays compared to the national and European averages. The local economy is dual in nature, positioned between a developed country and a developing one. On one hand, there is a traditional economy based on subsistence activities such as agriculture, fishing, handicrafts, and livestock farming, following ancestral practices. On the other hand, a more "modern" economy has emerged, driven by increasing public financial transfers since the 1980s. Public spending primarily focuses on infrastructure development (roads, electrification) and education facilities. However, Mayotte remains dependent on external public funding, which remains insufficient for sustainable development. With a median standard of living of €260 per consumption unit, Mayotte remains by far the poorest region in the European Union, with a monetary poverty rate of 77% in 2017, and also the most unequal. In 2017, the S80/S20 ratio—which compares the total income held by the richest 20% to that of the poorest 20%—was over 80 in Mayotte, compared to just 4 in mainland France (Andoux et al., 2020). This extreme figure highlights the extremely low income levels of the most disadvantaged populations, mostly undocumented immigrants from the neighboring Comoros, one of the poorest countries in the world. Mayotte’s GDP per capita was four times higher than that of the Comoros in 2019 (€9,700 vs. €2,400). The infant mortality rate in the Comoros also remained extremely high in 2020, at 48.3 per thousand (compared to 9.5 per thousand in Mayotte). This significant development gap largely explains the mass migration of Comorians in irregular situations to Mayotte, most of whom are women. Their fertility behavior has a major impact on Mayotte's population growth, with an average of 6 children per woman, compared to 3.5 for native Mahoran women.
As of January 1, 2024, the population of Mayotte stands at 320,000, with likely more than half being foreign nationals. This figure has doubled over the past 20 years, and three-quarters of the 10,000 annual births come from foreign mothers. Since the departmentalization of Mayotte in 2011, the annual population growth rate has averaged 3.5%, far exceeding that of all other european region.
In this unique economic and demographic context, the issue of economic and social inequality is at the heart of discussions on development and public policy in Mayotte.

Tatiane Menezes (p), Carlos Azzoni (p), Ana Luiza De Holanda Barboda, Alexandre Almeida

Diego Vásquez

Measuring and comparing inequality and poverty are crucial in policymaking decisions and economic discussions. Individual well-being depends on income and price levels, with household expenditures reflecting both consumption and price disparities over time and across regions. This study applies a deflator to capture cost-of-living differences in Brazilian cities, adjusting household expenditures through a superlative interregional price index. It highlights how unadjusted price differences bias poverty estimates and affect minimum wage earners and Bolsa Família recipients. The research builds on Deaton and Zaidi (2002) and Ravallion (2008), using spatial price indices to better map poverty distribution. In Brazil, 31.6% lived below the poverty line in 2022, yet a uniform poverty line ignores regional cost differences, overstating poverty in low-cost areas. Using the Country Product Dummy (CPD) method, the study constructs a Cost of Living Index (CLI) for major cities. Brasília showed the highest living costs, while Vitória had the lowest. Findings reveal how high living costs reduce purchasing power, even with higher nominal incomes, particularly in Brasília. The study offers a framework to adjust for cost-of-living disparities, aiding social policy and public program evaluation.

Diego Vásquez (p), Pablo Gutiérrez, M.Carmen Delgado

Evanthia Michalaki

This study examines the impact of the mining sector on Chile’s economic growth
and its distribution of capital income between different population groups. Using a
Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), we assess productive linkages and the transmission
of economic effects through the income structure. A key contribution of this study
is the incorporation of the redistribution matrix R proposed by Roland-Holst (1990),
in conjunction with the methodological advances introduced by Gutierrez Cubillos
et al. (2024) to quantify the spillover effects. Building on this framework, we develop
the Social Accounting Capital Redistribution Matrix (SACRM), which extends tradi-
tional redistribution measures by capturing the indirect effects of economic shocks
across activity sectors. By integrating spillover dynamics, SACRM provides a more
nuanced understanding of income distribution changes in response to sectoral inter-
dependencies, offering a novel approach to analyzing inequality within mining-driven
economies.