Oumaira Waaziz (p)

Egor Kotov

This study explores the potential of gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) to reduce gender inequalities and increase the benefits of women in agricultural development projects in the Rhamna region. The study uses a qualitative approach using focus groups with women to assess the current state of gender inequalities in agriculture in the region and interviews with government stakeholders and gender experts to identify the key factors that hinder the implementation of GRB on the local level. The findings indicate that women farmers in the region face significant challenges in accessing land, labor, financial services, extension, technology, education, and decision-making. GRB has the potential to address these gender inequalities by recognizing women's needs and incorporating a gender perspective into budgetary processes and policies. However, the implementation of GRB is hindered by several factors. The present study reflects on the barriers and presents specific recommendations to stakeholders.

Itziar Aguado-Moralejo, Carmen Echebarria (p), Jose M. Barrutia(p)

Oumaima Waaziz

This paper presents a methodology for analyzing inequality within urban space that allows for the discrimination of the combined effect of different variables or analytical dimensions by applying the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) together with geographic information systems (GIS). Using Vitoria-Gasteiz as a case study, the paper characterizes the city's neighborhoods according to a group of demographic, economic, and migratory status-related variables published in the years 2021 and 2022, revealing a synthetic map of the urban inequality at a neighborhood scale. This makes possible a definition of local policies more adjusted to the specificities of each group of neighborhoods.

Luz Dary Beltrán Jaimes, María del Carmen Delgado López, Alejandro Steven Fonseca Zendejas (p)

Carmen Echebarria

Gender imbalances have been a persistent issue that can be attributed to a range of labour market differentials and institutional attributes. Resource allocation processes (wage gaps), informality in the labour market, unpaid domestic work, lack of women participation in specialized jobs are some of the key factors that contribute to this issue. Therefore, addressing gender disparities require a multi-faceted approaches that contribute to improve labour market conditions and gender equality in the work force. To tackle these concerns, many counties have been developing gender integration policies to close economic gaps between genders. However, not many attempts have been made to assess the effectiveness of gender policies, especially for the Spanish economy.
To address this purpose, we use a multisectoral analysis to evaluate the effects of policies aimed at reducing gender gaps in economic activity. Specifically, we apply a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) disaggregated by household groups with specific attributes such as gender, age, type of work by speciality, and income level. Using the SAM database, we examine the impact of the budget allocated to the implementation of gender policies in Spain on income distribution.
Our analysis provides economic results for various spending policies aimed at reducing the disparity between men and women. These results will serve as a basis for the proposal of complementary policy measures targeting those sectors that continue to exacerbate the gender gap in an effort to make the gender gap more effective.

Egor Kotov (p)

Alejandro Steven Fonseca Zendejas

Income inequality and socio-economic spatial segregation have been increasing worldwide, including in many European cities over the recent decades. Particularly in Spain, the last decade was characterized by an increased income inequality due to income concentration at the top of the income distribution. Segregation can lead to an increased burden on already disadvantaged groups (for example, vulnerable populations are already disproportionately exposed to air pollution exceeding the maximum permitted levels). One such threat in Europe and, in particular, in Spain is the presence and spread of tiger and yellow fever mosquitoes that can carry Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya. These mosquitoes have long been established in Spain, and species distribution models consistently show that most of the territory of Spain and significant parts of Europe will become even more affected in the future.

A growing body of literature suggests a correlation with socioeconomic factors that regulate the population's exposure to the vectors of infectious diseases. Specifically, higher mosquito presence was often associated with a lower income level. This evidence is not always consistent and some studies have found that mosquito concentration may be correlated with higher income areas as well. This is because wealthier neighborhoods may provide different yet also attractive environments for mosquitoes to thrive in, for example, water containers such as yard plants and swimming pools. Therefore, some communities may be contributing more in terms of mosquito-friendly habitat while also having more resources to isolate themselves from the associated nuisance and risks.

This research aims to answer the following questions: Are there any socio-economically and spatially segregated groups in Spain who are disproportionately exposed to mosquito-related risks? Are there any socio-economic groups or local communities who disproportionately contribute to the production of mosquito-friendly breeding environments while having the advantage of reduced mosquito-related risks?

Mosquito exposure inequalities are evaluated in densely populated Spanish functional urban areas at high spatial resolution. Taking into account the activity space allows us to go beyond the simplified understanding of socio-spatial segregation only through residential location and evaluate the segregation based on the range and available amenities, as well as the overlap of activity space of groups with different income. Using human mobility patterns based on call-detail records enriched within income, gender, and age data and crowdsourced mosquito reports from the Mosquito Alert app, we compare mosquito observations with the income Gini coefficient and gender-age structure of the population at the census district level.