Marina Morales (p), Miriam Marcen

This paper studies the role of culture in determining the decision to live together (as married or unmarried couples). To examine this issue, we utilize data on first-generation immigrants who arrived to the United States at or before the age of 5. We follow the epidemiological approach, indicating that the dissimilarities in the behavior of young-arrival immigrants originating from different countries, who grew up and live in the same country, can be interpreted as evidence of the existence of a cultural effect. Results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between the cultural proxy, that is, the proportion of individuals living together by country of origin, and the immigrant choice of living with a partner. We extend this analysis to the examination of both married and unmarried cohabitation, separately, and to an exploration of the formation of same- or different-origin couples. In all cases, our findings suggest an important role of culture. The results are robust after controlling for several home-country observable and unobservable characteristics, and to the use of different subsamples. With respect to the transmission of culture, we show empirical evidence of horizontal transmission of culture. (see document)

Olga Rauhut Kompaniets , Daniel Rauhut (p)

An increasing amount of resources are spent on place marketing activities as cities, towns and other places try to attract specific target groups and establish their places as brands. To what extent these spending have been successful or even pay-off is debated among scholars. At present, there is no single and coherent model on measuring the effects of place-marketing, only a fragmented set of methods that have developed largely in isolation from one another, sometimes but not always separated by disciplinary boundaries. A full understanding of what works in place marketing and what does not will not be achieved by relying on the tools of one method alone or by focusing on a single-dimensioned analysis. The complex and multi-faceted nature of place marketing requires sophisticated methods that incorporates a variety of perspectives, levels and assumptions.
This paper aims to explicate and integrate the main methods of measuring the effects of place marketing. We begin by examining simple linear cause-effect methods, then to move on to methods measuring e.g. customer equity and consumer satisfaction. Rather than favouring one method over another a priori, we seek to understand each model on its own terms in order to illuminate key assumptions and hypotheses. Only after each method has been considered separately do we compare and contrast the different methods to reveal areas of logical inconsistency and substantial disagreement. In undertaking this exercise, we seek to provide a sound basis for evaluating the models measuring the effects of place marketing activities empirically.
The methods hitherto developed to measure the effect of place marketing activities posit causal mechanisms that operate at different analytical levels. Although the different evaluation models are based upon completely different assumptions and propositions, they are carry completely different implications for formulation of place marketing activities. Depending on what method is used under what circumstances, the effects of place marketing activities will differ.

Poema Isis de Souza (p), Igor Silva , Brendo Almeida

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of international tourism in Brazil, through the analysis of export earnings and import expenses resulting from trips made by residents and non-residents of Brazil recorded in the Balance of Payments (BOP), between 2000-2016. The motivation of this article results from the favorable dynamics of international tourism activities that account for 30% of total exports of services in the world, according to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2017). It was observed that during this period the Brazilian economy achieved a significant annual average growth in tourism export revenues, 7.8% per year, which value increased from US$ 1.810 billion in 2000 to US$ 6.024 billion in 2016. However, tourism import spending by Brazilians on international travels grew at a more expressive rate, 8.6% per year and the value increased from US$ 3.894 billion to US$ 14.497 billion, which causes significant deficits in the tourism balance of trade. The high deficits of the tourism account in Brazil means that the country loses foreign currencies abroad, although Brazil has many tourist attractions. Comparing the share of tourism export revenues in the total foreign exchange earnings of the services sector of the American countries for the year 2015, Brazil was in the last position, with the tourism sector accounting for only 17% of these export revenues, while countries such as Argentina reached 31.56% and Mexico, 77.49%. However, when we compare the share of tourism import spending in total imports from the services sector of the American countries, Brazil had a percentage equivalent to 24.55% and Uruguay was the American country that had the largest share of tourism import spending in total service import spending, with 44.45%. Therefore, we tried to prove with the structural vector autoregressive model (SVAR) the influence of the exchange rate, domestic income and external income on the results of the accounts of the tourism trade balance of Brazil. We found that tourism export revenues responds positively to exchange rate shocks while Brazilian expenditure on international tourism is very sensitive to the country's GDP. However, a positive international income shock did not generate positive effects on Brazilian tourism export revenues. The conclusions of this study indicate that Brazilian tourism benefits little from the growth of the international economy, and in the face of any improvement in Brazil's economic scenario, Brazilians prefer to travel abroad than practice domestic tourism.

Thomas Streifeneder (p), Christian Hoffmann

Farmers suffer from continuously decreasing income from agricultural activities. One strategy to cope with this situation is agritourism or farm holidays, a continuously growing sector. This enables farmers to generate additional income through touristic on-farm activities. Consequently, farmers stay on their farms and maintain cultivation of the land by increasing their operational income without altering the dominant agricultural character. In many areas agritourism proved to be successful to maintain farming activities. The need to be competitive results in a significant trend to high quality and luxurious agritourism characterised by wellness, swimming pools and special outdoor activities. Do these offers represent authentic agritouristic offers linked to agricultural life and culture?
Public and private regulations and policies consider a working farm as essential condition for agritourism. Agricultural activities need to be predominant over touristic ones. These requirements distinguish agritourism from all other types of tourism in rural areas, better called countryside tourism. The contribution analyses binding and non-binding regulations and definitions to deduce key characteristics of agritourism generally linked to farming. Key provider and demand characteristics should enable an unambiguous promotion of this sector. For this scope, this study examines relevant criteria such as workload, accommodation, income, farmer-guest interaction to determine the complementarity of agricultural and touristic activities. The author then presents inconsistencies in the existing scientific typologies of agritourism to improve practical knowledge about what may called authentic agritourism. The objective is to present a clear differentiation of this special on-farm diversification to other types of tourism in rural areas.

Yeong-ok Son (p), Bong Hyun Jeong

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of each course of Gwangju City Tour operated by Gwangju Metropolitan City on the construction of city image by extracting emotional images which are expressed in real time on social media. To do this, we extracted emotional keywords for the city image and tour courses, which are expressed as real-time search terms for Gwangju Metropolitan City and City Tour courses on Twitter and in blogs. First, in the case of Facebook, a typical social media platform, big data (sex, age, school, hobbies, interests, and photos posted) agreed to by the users of Facebook was analyzed. Second, we analyzed the perception of Gwangju City Tour through keywords and related keyword analysis. Third, we conducted a perception survey for each Gwangju City Tour course through the keywords and related keyword analysis. The emotional keywords extracted were analyzed using 'Social Inside', a social media analysis framework related to Gwangju Metropolitan City. Results indicated each of the City Tour courses has a significant effect on building the image of the city. In addition, the Gwangju City Tour has a significant impact on building the city image. The May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement Record was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register after passing the International Advisory Committee on International Heritage of the UNESCO (IAC) on May 25, 2011 in Manchester, England. However, search terms for May 18th National Cemetery showed an 80% negative opinion, but it had a positive effect on the hobby / leisure, and psychological factors and it had a significant effect on building the city image. Gwangju City Tour Course is 'joyful' and 'enjoyable', and Tweets related to tourism trends are exposed to more people on average and related keywords are found, and the development and activation of contents related to Gwangju City Tour Course are likely to become increasingly popular and will attract interest. This research will contribute to the utilization and revitalization of City Tour courses for the development and activation of the Gwangju City Tour as basic data to grasp the overall flow of public opinion in the future.