Kirill Sablin (p), Dmitry Kislitsyn , Elena Goosen (p)

The need to implement of the Russian economy transition to the innovative development scenario is a key point of the political agenda in recent years. The peculiarity is that Russia consists of regions that are extremely different in their social and economic characteristics. For instance, this point is reflected in their uneven economic development, the gap widening between the most important indicators of regional production, income and poverty. The difference of the Russian regions according to the indicators evaluating their innovative activity is one of the most significant in comparison with other socio-economic indicators.
Export and raw materials sector of the Russian economy and the resource-type regions determine the country's place in the international division of labor and they are the most important source of revenues for the budget system of Russia. Resource regions are the regions with the basic branches of export-oriented extractive industries and/or manufacturing industries producing raw and/or intermediate products.
Modern economic literature considers the problem of the resource regions development from the «resource curse» viewpoint. «Resource curse» is understood as a phenomenon according to which countries that are rich in natural resources demonstrate lower growth rates if compare them to the countries that do not possess such resources. There is a thick layer of literature that disclosure developmental peculiarity of the whole economies as well as single regions that are rich in natural resources (see, for example: Sachs and Warner, 1995; van der Ploeg, 2011).
Regions that are rich in natural resources are sensitive to innovative activity of businesses, while the state creates appropriate institutional conditions for successful generation and implementation of innovations. Canada, Australia and Norway experience confirms this statement. The process of generation and introduction of innovations in the Russian regions, which are the main centers of natural gas, oil and coal extraction, is under the special research interest.
Innovation Development Ratings of Subjects of the Russian Federation are used as source of data about innovative activity on the territory of Russian regions. Russian regional innovation index is an integral indicator based on a multilevel hierarchical structure of indicators grouped into four thematic clusters. The structure of the innovation index allows to assess the impact of resource dependence of the region on components of innovation activity on its territory. Coefficient calculated by E. Kagan and E. Goosen is used as an indicator of the resource dependence degree of the region (Kagan and Goosen, 2017).

Alessandra Colombelli , Antonio De Marco (p), Giuseppe Scellato

In recent years increasing attention from both academics and policy makers has been devoted to the process through which regions develop and specialize over time. According to the recent evolutionary approach to economic geography, regions evolve by following a regional branching process, through which new industries and technologies are generated from industries and technologies that are related to pre-existing ones (Frenken and Boschma, 2007; Boschma and Frenken, 2011). Within this stream of literature, the role of universities in shaping the industrial and technological trajectories of regions has received few empirical contributions. This paper aims at filling this gap by integrating the literature on university knowledge spillovers and regional branching. The empirical analysis focuses on Italian NUTS3 regions in the period 1999-2013. To empirically analyse whether the knowledge generated by universities has an impact on the evolution of the technological specialisation of the regions where they are located, we build measures of university and regional specialisation by means of the revealed technology advantage (RTA). Our model is estimated using spatial econometrics methodologies. Our findings contribute to the extant literature under many respects and brings important implications for both regional technology policy and the management of universities.

Daesung Seo (p)

The purpose of this study is to classify that the quality factors for Blockchains on virtual currency became necessary in the field of smart technology by securing block puzzling thing in smart bills.
When comparing the Visegrard Group with the Nordic Council within EU, Northern Europe and Eastern Europe can be offset with the concept of sharing economy and distributed blockchain system. this is because block chains connected to lT are expanded from central control to distributed individual trust. They belong to the integrated European market, and have historical similarities for socialism against Germany and the Soviet Union. This is the manufacture of Eastern Europe and practical use of Scandinavia for the competitiveness of the two groups by being invested in the priority to grow.
The study was conducted on the research design, why the reason for trying to compare the competence of sharing and distributed blockchain system with manufacture industry in the assessment of industrial capability, which is the Visegrard Group focuses on production and the Nordic Association focuses on the commercialization of manufacture market. Countries and companies that will rapidly commercialize in all areas of the block chain can grow.
In this study, searching and quantifying indirect evidence was made through standards are more complementary in Europe since each country acts like the role of the European automotive industry for example, which is different from the realistic evaluation criteria, are more important than those of the In the global EV market U.S.(export: $ 2.62 billion /share: 36.7%), Germany ($ 1.29 billion /18.1%), France ($ 390 million /5.4%), United Kingdom ($ 380 million /5.4%), and South Korea ($ 320 million/ 4.4%). But, commercialization with blockchain, standardization with sharing system, and overall market expansion did not have a positive impact on global satisfaction.
EVs with sharing and blockchain system put importance on various utilities. So this should be more focused on marketability when illuminating with a sharing industrial system and virtual Sharing Transactions on distributed individual trust.
It is necessary to specialize in manufacturing and commercialization by country (region) to prepare sharing economy and blockchain. In order to bulid sharing smart–city or cluster, areas conneted on AI with Blockchains on virtual currency as the commercialization of electric vehicles, will have a larger growth rate than that of manufacturing power or governance in the sharing Blockchains era.

Tina Haussen (p), Marcus Schlegel

Using macro-level panel data of 23 OECD countries during the period 1991–2015, we empirically analyze whether an increase in self-employment leads to a reduction of unemployment and whether the effect depends on the gender of the self-employed. Estimating population-weighted vector autoregressive models, we find that self-employment exerts positive employment creation effects. Moreover, male self-employment affects employment growth somewhat faster than does female self-employment. However, we
also find that unemployment pushes males into self-employment in the short-run while, in the medium-run, we confirm a pull effect independent of the gender of the self-employed.