Eiji Oh (p), Masafumi Morisugi, Ryuta Mori, Seiya Yamamoto, Kazuri Nakajima, Naoki Sakamoto

Due to sea level rise accompanying global warming, disappearance of sandy beach having various functions (recreation function, biodiversity conservation function, regional promotion function) is predicted. It is desirable to implement countermeasures in order to prevent this influence in advance, and it is necessary to grasp its effect to show economic efficiency as public investment. In this research, the environmental economic value of sandy beach was estimated for the purpose of providing information on benefits necessary for carrying out the conservation project of sandy beach.
The travel cost method (TCM) and the contingent valuation method (CVM) are well-known as the typical technique of environmental economic evaluation. The TCM can measure only the direct and current use value of environmental goods, but the CVM can measure the whole value including the non-use value of them. In the practice of environmental economic valuation, it is often adopted that the use value is measured by the TCM and that the non-use or the whole values are measured by CVM. However, there is no statistical significance in the difference between those values measured by the TCM and the CVM, because these methods are modeled independently and have no theoretical consistency. In this study, we have constructed a valuation model based on the CVM consistent with the TCM, in order to measure the use and the non-use values of environmental goods consistently.
Then, we have estimated the value of various functions (recreation function, biodiversity conservation function, regional promotion function) of sandy beach by CVM and have estimated the value of recreation function of sandy beach by TCM. In addition, by using the model of CVM theoretically consistent with TCM, we have estimated the value of recreation function of sandy beach and the value of other functions of sandy beach consistently, and confirmed its practicality.
As a result, the use value and the non-use value of sandy beach are consistently estimated; the use value is 1.9 trillion yen and the non-use value is 0.4 trillion yen whole in Japan. That is, the asset value of sandy beach which will be lost due to sea level rise is speculated 2.3 trillion yen whole in Japan. Based on these values, the asset value per unit area of sandy beach is 11,383 yen per m2 nationwide average.

Andrea Omizzolo (p), Federica Maino , Eleonora Psenner

More than 50% of the Italian Territory is mountainous. 1/5th of the domestic population lives in mountain areas, which are very different in terms of geographical location, physical, economic, demographic and cultural characteristics, infrastructure facilities and in terms of services availability for people and businesses. This heterogeneity and complexity, characteristics of the Italian mountain system, determine its fragility and at the same time its richness. To deal with some concepts and challenges often associated with mountain areas, such as marginality, disadvantage but also endogenous potential of the territories, Italy has adopted a specific national strategy, the National Strategy for Inner Areas. In order to address specific efforts and resources, this strategy identifies the most marginal areas of the country, which, due to a lack of services, opportunities, environmental and landscape degradation, are experiencing decline and/or ageing of the population. About 65% of the Inner Areas are mountainous, but not all mountain areas are classified such as inner areas. The study highlights the key points of a new strategy, introduced in 2015 by the Italian Government, specifically dedicated to rural and mountainous areas: the "National Strategy for Green Communities" (SNGC). The SNGC is part of a package of directives to promote green economy measures and to contain the over-use of natural resources in Italy. The main objective of this strategy is to enhance the value of rural and mountainous areas, which - in line with the development of the green economy - "aim to exploit, in a balanced way, the main endogenous resources, including water, forests and landscape, and to open a new subsidiary and exchange relationship with urban and metropolitan communities". The elaboration of the strategy is ongoing and the contribution takes stock of its development process and, proposing an initial comparative analysis with selected international examples of Green Communities, want to highlight weaknesses and opportunities of the Italian proposal.

José Antonio Palomero-González (p), Francisco Bernat-Quesada , Patricia Soler-Serena

People need quality drinking water and without health risks, but with the least tariff impact. It is necessary improving drinking water monitoring to be prepared to resolve any problem to guarantee the drinking water quality. In order to guarantee quality water without risk to public health, World Health Organization creates the Water Safety Plans, based on the risk analysis of the water supply system. Water Safety Plans are the integrated management plans for drinking water supply systems and the best option to develop this monitoring because it is one of the most important parts of Water Safety Plan's implementation. But this monitoring has costs associated. All the drinking water supply costs are paid in water tariffs by the users. So, it is very important to develop the best monitoring plan with the less costs possible. The objective is to know the monitoring costs to implement a Water Safety Plan in a Drinking Water Plant and compare this cost increase with the others drinking water treatment costs associated. Then, it is going to compare the water tariff impact from users to study if this cost increase is significant or not. This study will be done in Valencia using real data from the drinking water supply system and the drinking water tariff of this city.

José Antonio Palomero-González (p), Ramón Fuentes

Users need drinking water in quantity, pressure and quality necessary to meet their needs without this entailing a risk to health. Drinking water distribution is defined as the transport of the water already treated in the drinking water treatment plants to the user by the drinking water network, which is made up of pipes of different sizes and materials through which the water circulates. To control the drinking water network it is necessary control some parameters as an example: leaks, water pressure and water quality.
Energy is necessary to give the pressure to the water. This process is done in the drinking water pumping stations. However, the energy has an environmental impact due to CO2 emissions. It is very important quantify in economic units these emissions generated in the drinking water pumping station to add this cost in the water tariff. This is needed because the Water Framework Directive establishes in the Article 9 the Cost recovery. To quantify the cost related to the emissions it is used the Shadows Prices. The Shadow Prices allow quantifying the value of this environmental externality. They are very useful to quantify the economic value of non-market environmental externalities. The objective of the work is to quantify the costs associated with CO2 emissions in the distribution of water using the shadow prices.