Marcus Dejardin (p)

Regional economics research focusing on the sources of regional economic resilience is still rather occasional and dispersed. In some respects, the various analytical frameworks that are proposed might appear partial and static. As a result, the analytical tools that it may deliver hardly account for the dynamic interrelationships under study. In this contribution, we are attempting a conceptualization leading to the proposal of an inclusive and dynamic schematic model that includes a comprehensive set of arguments.
Schumpeterian entrepreneurship is relatively well documented both by theoretical and empirical studies to be a vector for innovation and economic development. In return, innovation and economic development are involved in determining entrepreneurship. It is also suggested that the magnitude of entrepreneurship and economic development is to be linked with the formal and informal institutional context in which these dynamics fit.
Culture is one factor a.o. in the informal institutional context involved in the determination of entrepreneurship and development. When the focus is on regional economic resilience, the aggregate psychological traits and the social legitimation approaches, included in an analytical framework linking culture and entrepreneurship, might appear as potential fruitful building blocks. Besides, the empirical results known to date show in particular the persistence of business dynamics in association with culture.
We provide some insights that we derive from dynamic modelling and empirical research (linking entrepreneurship and the transformation of contextual institutions, including culture, and the creation and renewal of specific assets for regional economic resilience). We conclude with milestones for research to go forward in that direction and we explore the conditions for resilient processes to emerge.

References
Audretsch, D. and M. Keilbach (2004), Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance, Regional Studies, 38, 949–959.
Boschma, R. (2015), “Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience”, Regional Studies, 49, 733-751.
Davidsson, P. (1995), “Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 7, 1, 41-62.
Etzioni, A. (1987), “Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimation”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 8, 2, 175-189.
Fritsch, M. and M. Wyrwich (2014), “The long persistence of regional levels of entrepreneurship: Germany, 1925–2005”, Regional Studies, 48, 955–973.
Martin R., Sunley P., Gardiner B. and Tyler P. (2016), “How regions react to recessions: resilience and the role of economic structure”, Regional Studies, 50, 561-585.
Thurik, R. and M. Dejardin (2012), “Entrepreneurship and Culture”, in M. van Gelderen and E. Masurel, eds (2012), Entrepreneurship in Context, Routledge Studies in Entrepreneurship, London: Routledge, 175-186.

Marina van Geenhuizen, Zenlin Kwee, Liza Mahavianti Syamsuri (p)

This study aims to investigate the determinants firm innovativeness in ICT clusters of Indonesia. Based on Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board, ICT is one of the sectors that become the biggest beneficiaries of FDI in 2015 in Indonesia - besides of mining, transportation, and the mineral-processing industry - despite the facts that Indonesia is still depended heavily on the ICT products and services from abroad. The ICT small firms in Indonesia is growing vastly in the last ten years however the innovativeness of these companies remain low. Many factors may influence this conditions; however, the determinants of firm innovativeness of ICT-based in the region of Indonesia is still unclear and has been overlooked by many as an area of academic study. For this research, we conduct a survey to 200 small, medium and large firms in Indonesia. The companies are selected randomly from some big cities in Indonesia, e.g. Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Makassar, and consist of service and manufacturing firms. The target respondents are the middle managers for large firms and the top managers for SMEs. We employ the number of product, process and marketing innovations in the last two years as the proxy for measuring firm innovativeness. We analyze the relationships between a set of variables and innovativeness in the region. We also look into the perception of the managers to regulatory conditions, network strength and network openness and their firm innovativeness, to find the relationships between the perception of the managers and firm innovativeness.

Frank Van Oort (p), Martijn Burger, Spyridon Stavropoulos, Jeroen Van Haaren, Shyaam Ramkumar

Conceptualisations of the circle economy are numerous, yet measuring its economic impact on cities and regions is in its infancy. When circular economies can be linked to economic prosperity and resilience, chances of political acceptance, dedicated policies and institutional embedding are probably higher than with a focus on sustainability effects alone. How many jobs in urban and regional economies directly or indirectly link to the circular economy, and how this stock evolves and diffuses over time, is the central question in this paper. We propose and implement the measurement of “direct circular jobs” in industries characterised by re-use, recycling, and recombination of existing resources and capital. Secondly, we determine which number of jobs help building the circular economy, in the sense that they relate to these direct circular industries by detailed input-output relations. Industries like building, architectural design and engineering potentially are related to the core-circular jobs, yet only to a certain degree. Finally, circular economic activity can be developed within larger industries, and we want to capture this category of (potential) circular jobs as well.

We map and model the emergence, existence and diffusion of direct and indirect circular economy employment in the period 1996-2016 for the Netherlands, using establishment level data. Following the nursery city hypothesis (Duranton & Puga 2001) we hypothesize that this relatively new type of activity will start business in urban, dense environments, where existing specialisation can be recombined to circular based principles. Over time, suburbanisation and/or regional dispersion to mere intermediate and peripheral regions is expected, both from cost advantages and from diffusion and application to industrial specialisations points of view. We discuss whether the circular economy should be treated economically different from other industries, highlighting policy implications from our analysis, and present an agenda for further research.